The Mediating Role of Brand Loyalty between the nexus of Brand Image on Purchase Intention: McDonald’s Case Study: Post Israel-Palestine Conflict
Keywords:
Mediating Role, Brand Loyalty, McDonald’s, Israel-Palestine ConflictAbstract
Purpose: The study aims to examine the dual effects of task significance on innovative work behavior through cognitive appraisal and work engagement, while considering PsyCap's moderating function.
Design/methodology/approach: Current study is quantitative and for this structured questionnaire was used to collect primary data from nurses employed at tertiary hospitals of twin cities of Pakistan.
Findings: The results of the study support the idea that task significance is a special kind of stressor that can have both positive and negative effects. Employee engagement and innovative work behavior are boosted by challenge appraisal of task significance, whereas they are hindered by threat appraisal. Therefore, nursing management must create measures (such as training for developing PsyCap) to impact nurses' perceptions of task significance as challenges rather than threats to promote nurses' innovative work behavior.
Originality: The current study is original and has not been conducted and submitted earlier to any other journal.
References
Abdelrazek Abdelhalem Abdelatti, A., Mohamed Adam, S., & Mohamed Abdrabou, H. (2022). Relationship between Workplace Empowerment and Innovative Work Behavior among Staff Nurses. Egyptian Journal of Health Care, 13(4), 1060–1070. https://doi.org/10.21608/ejhc.2022.266938
Agarwal, U. A. (2014). Examining the impact of social exchange relationships on innovative work behaviour: Role of work engagement. Team Performance Management, 20(3/4), 102–120. https://doi.org/10.1108/TPM-01-2013-0004
Ahmed, A. (2020). A missing link between job autonomy and unethical behavior. Etikonomi, 19(1), 95-118. https://doi.org/10.15408/etk.v19i1.12391
Aktar, A., & Pangil, F. (2017). Antecedents and consequences of employee engagement: a conceptual study. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 19(06), 54–67. https://doi.org/10.9790/487x-1906065467
Ashfaq, F., Abid, G., Ilyas, S., & Binte Mansoor, K. (2023). Perceived organisational support and work engagement among health sector workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A multicentre, time-lagged, cross-sectional study among clinical hospital staff in Pakistan. BMJ Open, 13(6), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-065678
Awang, Z. (2014). Validating the measurement model : Cfa. Structural equation modelling using amos grafic (pp. 54–73)
Ayvaz, C., Akyol, M. E., & Demiral, Y. E. (2019). Innovation in Nursing and Innovative Attitudes of Nurses, International Health Administration and Education. Sanitas Magisterium), 5(2), 52–59. https://dergipark.org.tr/ijhadec
Bayoumy, S. A. (2019). Relationship between job characteristics and work engagement among nursing staff. International Journal of Nursing Didactics, 9(01), 24–29. doi:10.15520/ijnd.v9i01.2406
Böckerman, P., Bryson, A., Kauhanen, A., & Kangasniemi, M. (2020). Does job design make workers happy? Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 67(1), 31–52. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjpe.12211
Bos-Nehles, A., Renkema, M., & Janssen, M. (2017). HRM and innovative work behaviour: a systematic literature review. Personnel Review, 46(7), 1228–1253. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-09-2016-0257
Bremner, N., & Carrière, J. (2011). The effects of skill variety , task significance , task identity and autonomy on occupational burnout in a hospital setting and the mediating effect of work meaningfulness. Telfer School of Management, March, 11.02. https://ruor.uottawa.ca/bitstream/10393/19845/1/TelferSchool_WP-11-02_Bremner_Carriere.pdf
Byron, K., & Nazarian, D. (2010). The relationship between stressors and creativity : a meta-analysis examining competing theoretical models. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(1), 201–212. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017868
Cao, Y., Liu, J., Liu, K., Yang, M., & Liu, Y. (2019). The mediating role of organizational commitment between calling and work engagement of nurses: A cross-sectional study. International Journal of Nursing Sciences, 6(3), 309–314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2019.05.004
Cangialosi, N., Odoardi, C., & Battistelli, A. (2020). A three-way interaction model of innovative behavior, task-related learning, and job characteristics. Performance Improvement Quarterly, 33(2), 153–172. https://doi.org/10.1002/piq.21322
Chadwick, I. C., & Raver, J. L. (2013). Continuously improving in tough times: Overcoming resource constraints with psychological capital. Orlando, Florida, US: Academy of Management Conference 2013.Reterieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1974/8355
Coelho, F., & Augusto, M. (2010). Job characteristics and the creativity of frontline service employees. Journal of Service Research, 13(4), 426–438. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094670510369379
Deegahawature, M. (2014). Managers’ inclination towards open innovation: Effect of job characteristics. European Journal of Business and Management, 6(1), 8–16. http://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/EJBM/article/view/10202
Duddeck, L. (2016). The relationship of stress appraisal and personality with work performance. june, 1–46. University Utrecht
El-asmar, S. (2013). , 2013 © Serena El-Asmar, 2013.
Espedido, A., Searle, B. J., & Searle, B. J. (2020a). Daily proactive problem-solving and next day stress appraisals : the moderating role of behavioral activation the moderating role of behavioral activation. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 33(4), 416-428. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2020.1751828
Fried, Y., & Ferris, G. R. (1987). The validity of the job characteristics model: A review and meta‐analysis. Personnel Psychology, 40(2), 287–322. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1987.tb00605.x
Grant, A. M. (2008). The significance of task significance : job performance effects , relational mechanisms , and boundary conditions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(1), 108–124. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.93.1.108
Grant, A. M. (2008). The significance of task significance : job performance effects , relational mechanisms , and boundary conditions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(1), 108–124. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.93.1.108
Grant, A. M., & Parker, S. K. (2009). Redesigning work design theories: the rise of relational and proactive perspectives. The Academy of Management Annals, 3(1), 317–375. https://doi.org/10.1080/19416520903047327
Hackman, J. R., & Oldham, G. R. (1974). The job diagnostic survey: An instrument for the diagnosis of jobs and the evaluation of job redesign projects. Technical Report no.4, Department of Administrative Sciences, Yale University.
Hammond, M. M., Neff, N. L., Farr, J. L., Schwall, A. R., & Zhao, X. (2011). Predictors of individual-level innovation at work: a meta-analysis. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 5(1), 90–105. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018556
Hara, Y., Asakura, K., Sugiyama, S., Takada, N., Ito, Y., & Nihei, Y. (2021). Nurses working in nursing homes: A mediation model for work engagement based on job demands-resources theory. Healthcare (Switzerland), 9(3), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9030316
Hasan, M., Ali, S., & Naqvi, W. (2020). Frustration-aggression leading to health crisis : case of pakistani young doctors ’ movement. Pakistan Social Sciences Review, 4(1), 493–506. doi:10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)39
Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8
Heydari, N., Rakhshan, M., Torabizadeh, C., & Salimi, G. (2023). Research article Individual innovation from the perspective of nursing students: A qualitative study. BMC Nursing, 22(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-023-01311-y
Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44(3), 513–524. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.44.3.513
Huyghebaert, T., Gillet, N., Lahiani, F. J., & Fouquereau, E. (2016). Curvilinear effects of job characteristics on ill-being in the nursing profession: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 72(5), 1109–1121. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.12894
Janssen. (2000). Job demands, perceptions of effort-reward fairness nd innovative work behavior. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 73(3), 287–302. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317900167038
Jason, V., & SN, Geetha. (2021). Regulatory focus and innovative work behavior: The role of work engagement. Current Psychology, 40(6), 2791-2803. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00220-1
Kara, D. (2016). Global Journal on Advances in Pure & Applied Sciences. Global Journal on Advances in Pure & Applied Sciences, 5(5), 170–174.
Khalid, F., & Abbasi, A. N. (2018). Challenges faced by Pakistani healthcare system: Clinician’s perspective. Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan, 28(12), 899–901. https://doi.org/10.29271/jcpsp.2018.12.899
Khan, Z. A., Nawaz, A., Khan, I., & Khan, D. I. (2016). The challenges concerning the healthcare leadership towards innovation in developing countries like Pakistan. Advances in Life Science and Technology, 40(2), 1–4. https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/ALST/article/view/27996/28741
Kim, W., Han, S. J., & Park, J. (2019). Is the role of work engagement essential to employee performance or ‘ nice to have ’? Sustainability, 11(4), 1050. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11041050
LePine, M. A., Zhang, Y., Crawford, E. R., & Rich, B. L. (2016). Turning their pain to gain: Charismatic leader influence on follower stress appraisal and job performance. Academy of Management Journal, 59(3), 1036–1059. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2013.0778
Li, P., Taris, T. W., & Peeters, M. C. W. (2020). Challenge and hindrance appraisals of job demands: one man’s meat, another man’s poison? Anxiety, Stress and Coping, 33(1), 31–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2019.1673133
Lin, S. H., Wu, C. H., Chen, M. Y., & Chen, L. H. (2014). Why employees with higher challenging appraisals style are more affectively engaged at work? The role of challenging stressors: A moderated mediation model. International Journal of Psychology, 49(5), 390–396. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12064
Luthans, F., Avolio, B. J., Avey, J. B., & Norman, S. M. (2007). Positive psychological capital: Measurement and relationship with performance and satisfaction. Personnel Psychology, 60(3), 541–572. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2007.00083.x
Marić, M., Hernaus, T., Tadić Vujčić, M., & Černe, M. (2019). Job characteristics and organizational citizenship behavior: A multisource study on the role of work engagement. Drustvena Istrazivanja, 28(1), 25–45. https://doi.org/10.5559/di.28.1.02
Mitchell, M. S., Greenbaum, R. L., Vogel, R. M., Mawritz, M. B., & Keating, D. J. (2019). Can you handle the pressure ? The effect of performance pressure on stress appraisals , self-regulation , and behavior. Academy of Management Journal, 62(2), 531-552. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2016.0646
Montani, F., Vandenberghe, C., Khedhaouria, A., & Courcy, F. (2020). Examining the inverted U-shaped relationship between workload and innovative work behavior: The role of work engagement and mindfulness. Human Relations, 73 (1), 59-93. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726718819055
Morgeson, F. P., & Humphrey, S. E. (2006). The Work Design Questionnaire (WDQ): Developing and validating a comprehensive measure for assessing job design and the nature of work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(6), 1321–1339. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.91.6.1321
Morris, M. G., & Venkatesh, V. (2010). Job characteristics and job satisfaction: Understanding the role of enterprise resource planning system implementation. Mis Quarterly,34(1),143-161. https://doi.org/10.2307/20721418
Naseer, S., Donia, M. B. L., Syed, F., & Bashir, F. (2019). Too much of a good thing: The interactive effects of cultural values and core job characteristics on hindrance stressors and employee performance outcomes. Human Resource Management, 59(3), 271–289. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.21993
Noesgaard, M. S., & Hansen, J. R. (2017). Work engagement in the public service context : the dual perceptions of job characteristics. International Journal of Public Administration, 41(13), 1047–1060. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2017.1318401
Nurjaman, K., Marta, M. S., Eliyana, A., Kurniasari, D., & Kurniasari, D. (2019). Proactive work behavior and innovative work behavior: Moderating effect of job characteristics. Humanities and Social Sciences Reviews, 7(6), 373–379. https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2019.7663
Othman, N., & Nasurdin, A. M. (2019). Job characteristics and staying engaged in work of nurses: Empirical evidence from Malaysia. International Journal of Nursing Sciences, 6(4), 432–438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2019.09.010
Pee, L. G., & Chua, A. Y. (2016). Duration, frequency, and diversity of knowledge contribution: Differential effects of job characteristics. Information & Management, 53(4), 435-446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2015.10.009
Pee, L.G. (2011). The effects of job design on employees' knowledge contribution to electronic repositories. ICIS. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.850.4070&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Pennbrant, S., & Dåderman, A. (2021). Job demands, work engagement and job turnover intentions among registered nurses: Explained by work-family private life inference. Work, 68(4), 1157–1169. https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-213445
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879
Saunders, M., Lewis, P. H. I. L. I. P., & Thornhill, A. D. R. I. A. N. (2007). Research methods for business students (4th ed). Pearson Education Limited, England.
Saunders, M., Lewis, P. H. I. L. I. P., & Thornhill, A. D. R. I. A. N. (2019). Research methods for business students (8th ed). Pearson Education Limited, England.
Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B., & Salanova, M. (2006). The measurement of work engagement with a short questionnaire: A cross-national study. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66(4), 701–716. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164405282471
Secosan, I., Virga, D., Crainiceanu, Z. P., Bratu, L. M., & Bratu, T. (2021). The Moderating Role of Personal Resources Between Demands and Ill-Being of Romanian Healthcare Professionals in the COVID-19 Pandemic. Frontiers in Public Health, 9(12), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.736099
Shahid, H., Ather, M. A., Shahid, S., & Imran, Z. (2023). Psychological capital and work engagement: a mediated moderation model of positive emotions and emotional intelligence. Journal of Social Sciences Review, 3(2), 562–578. https://doi.org/10.54183/jssr.v3i2.239
Shih, H. A., & Susanto, E. (2017). Perceived identifiability, shared responsibility and innovative work behavior. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 28(22), 3109–3127. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2016.1143860
Slåtten, T., Mutonyi, B. R., & Lien, G. (2020). The impact of individual creativity, psychological capital, and leadership autonomy support on hospital employees’ innovative behaviour. BMC Health Services Research, 20(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-020-05954-4
Snide, J., & Nailon, R. (2013). Nursing staff innovations result in improved patient satisfaction. American Journal of Nursing, 113(10), 42–50. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NAJ.0000435349.68781.77
Taris, T. W., & Hu, Q. (2020). Going your own way: a cross-cultural validation of the motivational demands at work scale (Mind@Work). Frontiers in Psychology, 11(6), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01223
Thompson, I. (2013). Challenge and hindrance stressor appraisals, personal resources, and work engagement among K-12 teachers. https://scholar.utc.edu/theses/410
Tosun, A., & Tosun, H. (2020). Innovation Management and Nursing. Health Sciences Research in the Globalizing World, 6, 155–165.
Tung, L. V., Akkadechanunt, T., & Chontawan, R. (2014). Factors related to innovation behavior among nurses in tertiary general hospitals , the central region , the socialist republic of vietnam. Nursing Journal, 41(2), 117–132.
Van Zyl, L. E., van Oort, A., Rispens, S., & Olckers, C. (2019). Work engagement and task performance within a global Dutch ICT-consulting firm: The mediating role of innovative work behaviors. Current Psychology, 40(8), 4012-4023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00339-1
Wan, Q., Zhou, W., Li, Z., & Shang, S. (2018). Associations of organizational justice and job characteristics with work engagement among nurses in hospitals in china. Research in Nursing and Health, 41(6), 555–562. https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.21908
Webster, J. R., Beehr, T. A., & Love, K. (2011). Extending the challenge-hindrance model of occupational stress: The role of appraisal. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 79(2), 505–516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2011.02.001
Xu, D., Zhang, N., Bu, X., & He, J. (2021). The effect of perceived organizational support on the work engagement of Chinese nurses during the COVID-19: the mediating role of psychological safety. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 27(2), 481–487. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2021.1946107
Yang, H.-C., & Cho, H.-Y. (2015). Effects of individuals, leader relationships, and groups on innovative work behaviors. Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business, 6(3), 19–25. https://doi.org/10.13106/ijidb.2015.vol6.no3.19.
Zaman, Q., Qureshi, F. A., & Butt, M. (2020). Mediating Effect of Perceived Organizational Support on the Relationship between Leader-Member Exchange and the Innovation Work Behavior of Nursing Employees: A Social Exchange Perspective. Business Innovation and Entrepreneurship Journal, 2(1), 67–76. https://doi.org/10.35899/biej.v2i1.63
Zaniboni, S., Truxillo, D. M., & Fraccaroli, F. (2013). Differential effects of task variety and skill variety on burnout and turnover intentions for older and younger workers. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 22(3), 306–317. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2013.782288
Zappalà, S., Toscano, F., Polevaya, M. V., & Kamneva, E. V. (2021). Personal initiative, passive-avoidant leadership and support for innovation as antecedents of nurses’ idea generation and idea implementation. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 53(1), 96–105. https://doi.org/10.1111/jnu.12615
Zhang, M., Zhang, P., Liu, Y., Wang, H., Hu, K., & Du, M. (2021). Influence of perceived stress and workload on work engagement in front-line nurses during COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 30(11–12), 1584–1595. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15707
